The VTKK Site in Finland has hosted a range of Cray and other supercomputers since it was noted in Cray Channels that …
 <<< but See also below A document “Supercomputing in Finland and Europe” by Janne Ignatius 9.1.2015 provide insight into the Cray (and other) Supercomputers in Finland.  Best pictures extracted here –
Full Document here … Â CSC Finland VTKK Nice pictures Ignatius
Also in Finland
Interestingly this Cray-1 Â SN53 recently came to light located in a Technical Museum in Finland.
This text alongside .. Translated from Finish
Valmistaja: Cray Research Malli: Cray-1 (S/N: 53) Valmistettu: USA , 1976 Lahjoittaja: CSC – Tieteen tieteellinen laskenta Oy The Cray-1 was one of the most famous supercomputer models. Its production began in 1976. The machine was developed by Seymour Cray, the chief designer of Cray Research, and the machine was the company’s first computer to use third-generation integrated circuits.
The Cray-1 was a revolutionary device in many respects. At the time of its release, it was the world’s fastest, most expensive, and most cost-effective computer. The Cray-1 was so efficient in conventional computing that it was adopted by many commercial organizations.Unlike later Cray machines, the Cray-1 executed only one program at a time, i.e. it was practically a single-processor machine. However, it executed the program very efficiently, and a special additional advantage was the vector instructions, which were optimized for performing calculations in several consecutive memory locations. The Cray-1 also executed several instructions in parallel using pipeline technology.
The machine was suitable for calculations in several different fields of science, engineering and technology, such as meteorology, nuclear research, medicine, or economic analysis. In Finland, the Cray-1 computer has only been exhibited at the premises of CSC – Tieteen tiettiellinen laskentie Oy, as well as at the exhibition in the Agora building of the University of Jyväskylä from 2000 to 2018 and currently at the Kanavuori warehouse exhibition.
The production of the Cray-1 computer was discontinued in the early 1990s.
In 1977, efforts were made to acquire a successor to the Univac 1108 computer, which was in common use by Finnish universities. After several years of work, a new computer was acquired in Finland in 1989. Finland’s first supercomputer, the Cray X-MP EA/416, was put into use in January 1989 at the premises of CSC – Scientific Computing for Science Oy. The machine cost 50 million FIM. When the Cray X-MP arrived in Finland, interest in the machine was aroused, but access to the new supercomputer’s computer room was prohibited, so the public was not able to see the machine. However, the public wanted to be able to do so. CSC personnel asked Cray representatives about the possibility of having a similar computer on display in public spaces. After negotiations, the Cray representative suggested the Cray 1S computer, which had been discontinued, as it was almost identical in terms of technology and appearance: in fact, the 1S model was the predecessor of the X-MP. The Cray 1S probably arrived in Finland in 1990 to be displayed in the lobby of CSC.
The machine was on display at CSC until 1999, when CSC was about to receive a new supercomputer, which is why the Cray 1S was in danger of being destroyed. The museum association contacted CSC, after which the Cray was donated to the collections of the Computer Museum Association. The machine in question has been in the computer exhibition in the Agora building of the University of Jyväskylä since 2000. The Cray 1S is evidence of the beginning of the Finnish supercomputer era in the late 1980s.
There are two different stories about the origin of the Cray 1S. According to the first, the machine came to Finland from the Netherlands, where it had been used by the Shell company for calculations related to oil exploration. According to the same story, the machine was dismantled due to the Cold War, so that the Soviet Union could not copy the technology. According to the second story, the machine had come from England, where it had been used by the Meteorological Institute.
The main components of the hardware: central processing unit (500,000 – 1,000,000 words of main memory, 12 slots for input and output devices), maintenance control unit (minicomputer, magnetic tape unit, removable disk drive, printer/plotter, cathode ray tube console), disk unit (2-8 DCU-3 disks or 2-32 DD-29 disks, maximum capacity 19 GB, data transfer rate 4.4 MB per second), power supply and cooling equipment, as well as one standard user interface and two optional user interfaces. The central processing unit had a total of 200,000 microcircuits, 3,400 circuit boards and about 100 kilometers of wires.
In the Cray-1, special attention was paid to the speed of the connection solutions and to minimizing the distances between the parts. This is already visible in the horseshoe-shaped design of the device. The clock frequency was initially 80 MHz, but in later years it was increased to 120 MHz. Because the device could seemingly execute up to two instructions in one clock cycle thanks to its pipeline technology, its theoretical peak performance was 160–240 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). With careful assembly programming and the use of vector instructions, the machine was able to reach a floating-point calculation speed of 250 MFLOPS (Million Floating Point Operations Per Second). Small desktop computers only began to reach these speeds in the late 1990s. The processors of today’s fastest PCs are over 100 times faster than the Cray-1.
High-speed switching solutions required a lot of electrical energy, and the Cray-1‘s power requirement was about 115 kilowatts. The high energy consumption also produced a lot of waste heat, which is why the machine had a freon-based cooling system and cooling aspects were also taken into account in the design.
