What are the Cray Research connections with Apple Computers ?

 

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Cray XMP/48 with Apple SE inside (c)1987 John Greenleigh

 

Cray Research and Apple Computers, seemly at opposite ends of the computer price spectrum, do have some subtle historical links. It is well known that Seymour Cray used an Apple desktop when designing Cray Computer Corp machines.  Macintosh computers where the desktop of choice and used almost exclusively whilst the company worked on the Cray-3 and Cray-4 projects. Much of the work was moving text and graphic files around a shared network.  

“Seymour said he thought it was odd that Apple bought a Cray to design Macs because he was using Macs to design Crays. He sent me his designs for the Cray 3 in MacDraw on a floppy.” reports KentK.

Apple Computer had a sequence of Cray machines starting in 1986 with an XMP/48 shown above followed by another XMP in Feb 1991. An upgrade to a Cray YMP-2E arrived later in 1991 and finally one of the smaller air-cooled Cray Y-MP EL from Dec ’93 to Jun ’98. 

Legend has that Apple’s first XMP was bought by Steve Jobs after he walked into the Cray facility in Mendota Heights. However “Mike” a more reliable source relates ….

“The first machine installed at Apple was an X-MP/48 completed in August 1986. It had painted purple metallic columns and black power supplies. John Scully was the CEO, and he called the Western Region office in Pleasanton, Ca to get the salesman for his area of Cupertino, and his call was directed to Mike Wilhelm, the Western Region Manager, who after a lengthy conversation dispatched the salesman Bence Gerber, who sold the machine. I was standing at the receptionist desk who took John Scully’s call when it came in, and got excited that Apple called us, and then went to Mike Wilhelm’s secretary to hear what happened. I was also present for the installation, and spent many days covering the site.”

According to a quote from MacObserver Website the timeline would indicate that John Scully was indeed in charge by install time.

“1985: Apple’s board of directors authorizes John Sculley to remove Steve Jobs as executive VP and general manager of the faltering Macintosh division. Sculley, who genuinely liked Jobs, didn’t act right away, hoping to make a smooth transition. Only after discovering Jobs’ plan for a coup the following month did Sculley finally strip the founder of all operational responsibilities.”

The Apple Cray machines were originally purchased to help out on a computer on a chip project and other engineering projects. Such projects included using the first Cray XMP as a Macintosh emulator for user interface design improvements. The site analyst reports ..

“.. they sometimes ran the first XMP as a single user MacOS emulator … They had a custom built frame buffer and a mouse hooked up to the IOP (Input/Output Processor).” 

Other applications were Computational Fluid Dynamics codes for disk drive head design improvement and complex chip and board logic proving tests. The Apple Cray machines eventually earned their keep running MOLDFLOW an injection plastic modelling program ( producing some results in the form of Quicktime movies) and later as a file server. 

 

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Example of MOLDFLOW output

 

 

T3d cube of cubes logo animated by changing the size of the surrounding balls.

What is less well known however is that the small active display panel on the front of the Cray T3D machines was an Apple powerbook. The powerbook ran a Macromedia presentation showing the T3D cube of cubes logo with an orbiting growing/shrinking sphere. The display at one site was changed to alternate with a presentation plaque display. It was rumoured that one site engineer ordered a collection of spare bits that, over time, comprised a complete new powerbook.

 

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Cray T3D Tool Time Sales booklet showing the T3D with Powerbook generated logo front and centre (Scale T3D is aprox 2500mm tall)

 

 

The Sept 1999 launch on the www.Apple.com web site of the G4 Macintosh computers displayed a YMP-8D computer on the processor details page. Whilst there was no direct reference to that particular machine there was a re-quote of the Seymour quote about “using an Apple to simulate the Cray-3” in a sidebar. The G4 was being touted as a “Supercomputer for the desktop” and with the performance figures of a Gigaflop/s (1 CPU) which is certainly up to at least 1992 supercomputer cpu speeds. The YMP pictured on the site would have had 0.333 Gflop/s per cpu but was sold as sustaining 1 Gflop/s, for the whole machine, on real life applications. Only comparable benchmarks would show if the Apple G4 could match the memory size, memory bandwidth and IO capacity the 8 year old Cray shown. There is however no doubt that the G4 would be cheaper to purchase than any machine from the Cray range.

 

 

One of those strange coincidences between Apple and Cray were problems using Perspex as a chassis material. Apple had problems with the Power PC G4 Cube machine as the corners were subject to cracking in some instances. Over at Cray the innovative total immersion cooling Cray 2 had cylindrical coolant reservoirs and cascades. After some time the coolant reservoirs tower material started to “craze” and fine cracks appeared. This was remediated by a new designed a new rectangular cascade that had a smaller footprint, was made of glass that solved the problem. 

 

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Apple Power PC G4 Cube (scale 180mm tall)

 

 

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Early Cray-2 showing Cylindrical coolant reservoirs (scale Cray-2 in foreground is 1200mm tall)

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Cray-2 showing revised coolant reservoir ( scale Cray-2 is 1200mm tall)

See other Cray historical notes at The Cray FAQ over at 0x07bell.net.

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Another crossover area was seen then in 2003 when Virginia Tech, a leading USA technology university, built a super computing cluster out of Apple G5 systems united using Mellanox Infiniband networking.  Video on YouTube here. Rated at 29 Tflops the system reach #3 in the top 500 in Nov 2003 for a while. Later replaced by X-Servers was this a case of the student overtaking the master ?

 

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Further details in this article from Cray Channels 1987 (c)Cray Research Written by Kent Koeninger at or about the time of Apple’s first Cray purchase.

Some other more recent comments from Kent about what happened to the Cray at Apple and the early innovation culture at Apple ..

I just recalled what happened. Cray took it back and paid us for the salvage. They deducted paying us for the disks and I sold those for more than they deducted. When you’re done with a Cray you can just take it to the junk yard. Cray could use the machine for spare parts.
I don’t recall them ever selling a used one and it would not make sense. They become obsolete quickly and so buying an old one is not a good idea. In addition, the maintenance cost would go up, so that would make it even more unattractive.

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I put the Cray X-MP4 disks up for sale on a message board. (Is that what we called them?) The disks were unique in that they read from each platter simultaneously for higher bandwidth than any other disks of that era. Livermore purchased them. I don’t know what happened to the rest. I wish I had saved one of those purple panels.
Was that the first six-figure online sale? I saw some else trying to sell a Cray. I expect no one bought it.
I bought the Y-MP2 to run plastic-molding simulations. Parts were warping on the assembly line. I paid Moldflow $600,000 for the SW and $400,000 for the phone bills for them dialing in from Australia to upgrade the PC version of Moldflow. For $6M, Apple saved hundreds of millions and I did not fill out anything on paper to make it happen.
I could buy anything I wanted without asking anyone. For example, I spent $2M creating the intranet for 5,000 engineers without asking anyone. However, We were in a hurry because the Mac IIs were about to ship and they had Ethernet cards. I dug up streets in Cupertino to run fiber and used microwave transmitters to get to an Apple building in San Jose.
I had to have two short conversations with Larry Tesler before I spent $4M that Y-MP2. I have a copy of the purchase requisition, if you want me to send an image. It has some pretty high-level signatures.
They bought the EL after I left. I had designed a backup system called “Replicant.” It silently backed up thousands of engineers’ Macs every night. Engineers could chose to restore from any date. It presented them with a Finder window from which they dragged and dropped. Sound familiar? It was so popular they bought another Cray just to run it!
K

P.S. Why was one of the XMP panels transparent? It was so you could see more Cray.